MATERI BAHASA INGGRIS BISNIS 2 - PERTEMUAN 1
1. SUBJECT, VERB, COMPLEMENT, &
MODIFIER
SUBJECT :
-
The subject is the agent of the sentence in the
active voice, subject is the person or thing that does the action of the
sentence and subject normally precedes the verb.
-
The subject may be a noun phrase. A noun phrase
is a group of words ending with a noun. (it can't begin with a preposition).
-
Subjek adalah bagian dari kalimat dalam kalimat
aktif, orang atau benda yang melakukan tindakan, dan subjek biasanya mendahului
kata kerja.
VERB :
-
The verb follows the subject, it generally shows
the action of the sentence.
-
The verb maybe a verb phrase. A verb phrase
consists of one or more auxiliaries and one main verb. The auxiliaries always
precede the main verb.
-
Predikat ialah mengikuti subjek, pada umumnya
menunjukkan suatu tindakan.
COMPLEMENT :
-
A complement completes the verb. It is similar
to the subject because it's usually a noun or noun phrase, However,
it generally follows the verb when the sentence in the active voice.
-
Sebuah kata pelengkap yang melengkapi kata
kerja. Hal ini mirip dengan subjek karena biasanya berupa kata benda, Namun,
kata pelengkap pada umumnya mengikuti verba dalam kalimat aktif.
MODIFIER
-
Tells the time, place or manner of the action.
Very often it's a prepositional phrase. Prepotional phrase is a group of words
that begins with a preposition and ends with a noun.
-
The modifier normally follows the complement,
but not always. However, the modifier, especially when it's a prepositional
phrase, usually can't separate the verb and the complement.
-
Kata keterangan menerangkan waktu, tempat
atau cara tindakan.
CONTOH :
1.
Daniel / is cooking /
dinner / tonight
subject / verb phrase/ complement
/ modifier of time
Dari kalimat diatas didapatkan bahwa :
Subject = George, karena George adalah orang yang melakukan
tindakan (dalam hal ini yaitu memasak).
Verb = Cooking, sebagai kata kerja yang dilakukan oleh
George.
Complement = Dinner, sebagai kata pelengkap untuk kata kerja
dari cooking.
Modifier = Tonight, sebagai kata keterangan tempat atau
waktu (dalam hal ini yang digunakan adalah keterangan waktu / modifier of
time).
2. Damar - wear - jeans – today
subject - verb phrase -
complement - modifier of time
3. We - eat - breakfast - in this restaurant - today
Subject - verb phrase –
complement - modifier of place - modifier of time
4. Sam - should have bought - gasoline - yesterday
Subject - verb phrase –
complement - modifier of time
5. Plants - grow
Subject / verb phrase
9. She - opened - her umbrella
Subject - verb phrase – complement
2. VERB PHRASE
Verb phrase merupakan kata kerja berbentuk frase sehingga
tidak hanya ditulis hanya satu kata kerja saja.
Contoh:
·
I have a pencil.
·
I have bought a pencil.
Di kalimat pertama, kita menjumpai verb yaitu have.
Sedangkan, di kalimat yang kedua, kita menjumpai verb phrase yaitu have bought.
Phrase atau frase tentu tidak hanya terdiri dari satu kata saja. kesimpulannya
adalah verb phrase merupakan verb yang tidak hanya terdiri dari satu kata.
Namun, tetap berfungsi sebagai verb.
Beberapa verb phrase antara lain adalah, is watching, is
sleeping, was taking, have taught, have been sleeping, dan masih banyak lagi.
Menggunakan penjelasan di bawah ini, saya akan menjabarkan apa saja
bentuk-bentuk verb phrase di dalam bahasa Inggris.
A. Auxiliary
Verb (Be) + Present Participle (-Ing form)
Auxiliary verbs (be) disini maksudnya adalah is, am, are,
was, dan were. Sedangkan present participle yaitu kata kerja yang ditambahkan
akhiran –ing. Bentuk ini digunakan pada present dan past continuous tense.
Contoh:
1. I was sleeping when
you called me.
2. She is taking a
bath.
3. He is talking with
me.
Bisa di lihat kata yang saya garisbawahi. Di dalamnya
terdapat be verbs ditambah dengan present participle. Itulah verbs phrase.
B.
Auxiliary verb (have) + Past Participle (Verb 3)
Auxiliary verbs terbagi menjadi dua yaitu have, has, dan had
(past). Sedangkan past participle, biasa kita kenal dengan sebutan kata kerja
bentuk ketiga. Bentuk seperti ini digunakan untuk present dan past perfect.
Contoh:
1. I have planned to
go to Europe.
2. She has cleaned the
room.
3. They had taken the
medicine.
C. Auxiliary
verb (have been) + Present Participle (-Ing form)
Selanjutnya, kita menggunakan auxiliary verbs dengan cakupan
have been, has been, dan had been (past). Kemudian ditambah dengan present
participle atau kata kerja berakhiran –ing. Ini merupakan bentuk dari present
dan past perfect continuous tense.
Contoh:
1. She has been waiting for
you for three hours.
2. They had been cleaning this
room.
3. I have been staying in
this house for these three years.
D. Modal
Verb + Main Verb
Modal verb yaitu, can, could, may, might, must, shall,
should, will, would. Sementara main verb adalah kata kerja Utama.
Contoh:
1. I can speak Indonesian.
2. She will study with
me.
3. She might
be younger than me.
TENSES
[VERB+ed] or irregular verbs
Examples:
* You called Debbie.
* Did you call Debbie?
* You did not call Debbie.
Complete List of Simple Past Forms
USE 1 Completed Action in the Past
Use the Simple Past to express the idea that an action
started and finished at a specific time in the past. Sometimes, the speaker may
not actually mention the specific time, but they do have one specific time in
mind.
Examples:
* I saw a movie yesterday.
* I didn't see a play yesterday.
* Last year, I traveled to Japan.
* Last year, I didn't travel to Korea.
* Did you have dinner last night?
* She washed her car.
* He didn't wash his car.
USE 2 A Series of Completed Actions
We use the Simple Past to list a series of completed actions
in the past. These actions happen 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th, and so on.
Examples:
* I finished work, walked to the beach,
and found a nice place to swim.
* He arrived from the airport at 8:00,
checked into the hotel at 9:00, and met the others at 10:00.
* Did you add flour, pour in the milk,
and then add the eggs?
USE 3 Duration in Past
The Simple Past can be used with a duration which starts and
stops in the past. A duration is a longer action often indicated by expressions
such as: for two years, for five minutes, all day, all year, etc.
Examples:
* I lived in Brazil for two years.
* Shauna studied Japanese for five years.
* They sat at the beach all day.
* They did not stay at the party the
entire time.
* We talked on the phone for thirty
minutes.
* A: How long did you wait for them?
B: We waited for one hour.
PRESENT
*Simple Present*
[VERB] + s/es in
third person
Examples:
* You speak English.
* Do you speak English?
* You do not speak English.
Complete List of Simple Present Forms
USE 1 Repeated Actions
Use the Simple Present to express the idea that an action is
repeated or usual. The action can be a habit, a hobby, a daily event, a
scheduled event or something that often happens. It can also be something a
person often forgets or usually does not do.
Examples:
* I play tennis.
* She does not play tennis.
* Does he play tennis?
* The train leaves every morning at 8 AM.
* The train does not leave at 9 AM.
* When does the train usually leave?
* She always forgets her purse.
* He never forgets his wallet.
* Every twelve months, the Earth circles
the Sun.
* Does the Sun circle the Earth?
USE 2 Facts or Generalizations
The Simple Present can also indicate the speaker believes
that a fact was true before, is true now, and will be true in the future. It is
not important if the speaker is correct about the fact. It is also used to make
generalizations about people or things.
Examples:
* Cats like milk.
* Birds do not like milk.
* Do pigs like milk?
* California is in America.
* California is not in the United Kingdom.
* Windows are made of glass.
* Windows are not made of wood.
* New York is a small city. It is not
important that this fact is untrue.
USE 3 Scheduled Events in the Near Future
Speakers occasionally use Simple Present to talk about
scheduled events in the near future. This is most commonly done when talking
about public transportation, but it can be used with other scheduled events as
well.
Examples:
* The train leaves tonight at 6 PM.
* The bus does not arrive at 11 AM, it
arrives at 11 PM.
* When do we board the plane?
* The party starts at 8 o'clock.
* When does class begin tomorrow?
FUTURE
Simple Future Tense
(Kalimat Positif)
Subjek + will/ shall + verb 1 atau S + To Be (is, am, are) +
Going To + Verb 1 + O
Di atas, adalah rumus yang digunakan untuk membuat sebuah
kalimat dalam bentuk Simple Future Tense dengan kalimat positif. Untuk lebih
mengerti mengenai bentuk kalimat dalam Simple Future Tense ini, beirkut contoh
penggunaan Simple Future Tense pada kalimat positif :
• She will go to Bandung tomorrow morning (Dia akan pergi ke
Bandung besok pagi)
• I am going to finish all my homework tonight (Saya akan
menyelesaikan semua pekerjaan rumah saya malam ini)
• Beni will take another test tomorrow since he cannot
attend the first test yesterday (Beni akan mengikuti tes lain besok karena dia
tidak bisa datang ke tes pertama kemarin)
• They will visit Jakarta tonight (Mereka akan mengunjungi
Jakarta malam ini)
Simple Future Tense
Negative
Subjek + will/ shall + NOT + verb 1 atau S + To Be (is, am,
are) + NOT + Going To + Verb 1 + O
Rumus yang digunakan dalam bentuk kalimat negatif Simple
Future Tense memiliki bentuk yang hampir sama dengan Simple Future Tense dengan
bentuk kalimat positif. Yang membedakan hanyalah penggunaan ‘NOT’ dalam
rumusannya. Untuk lebih mengerti, perhatikan contoh penggunaan simple future
tense pada kalimat negatif :
• She will not go to Bandung tomorrow morning (Dia tidak
akan pergi ke Bandung besok pagi)
• I am not going to finish all my homework tonight (Saya
tidak akan menyelesaikan semua pekerjaan rumah saya malam ini)
• Beni will not take another test tomorrow since he cannot
attend the first test yesterday (Beni tidak akan mengikuti tes lain besok
karena dia tidak bisa datang ke tes pertama kemarin)
• They will not visit Jakarta tonight (Mereka tidak akan
mengunjungi Jakarta malam ini)
• Freddie will not join the band to perform at nearby café
tonight (Freddie tidak akan bergabung dengan band itu untuk tampil di kafe
terdekat malam ini)
Simple Future Tense (
Kalimat Interogatif)
Simple Future Tense Interrogative
Will/Shall + Subjek + Verb 1 + O + ? atau To Be (Is, Am,
Are) + S + Going To + Verb 1 + O + ?
Brntuk terakhir dari Simple Future Tense adalah dalam bentuk
kalimat tanya. Perhatikan contoh penggunaan simple future tense pada kalimat
tanya berikut ini:
• Will she go to Bandung tomorrow morning? (Akankah dia
pergi ke Bandung besok pagi?)
• Am I going to finish all my homework tonight? (Apakah saya
akan menyelesaikan semua pekerjaan rumah saya malam ini?)
• Will Beni take another test tomorrow since he cannot
attend the first test yesterday? (Apakah Beni akan mengikuti tes lain besok
karena dia tidak bisa datang ke tes pertama kemarin?)
• Will they visit Jakarta tonight? (Apakah mereka akan
mengunjungi Jakarta malam ini?)
• Will Freddie join the band to perform at nearby café
tonight? (Apakah Freddie akan bergabung dengan band itu untuk tampil di kafe
terdekat malam ini?)
SUBJECT VERB AGREEMENT
Subject - the doer of the action or state of being in a
sentence or clause in a sentence.
— Verb - when used with the term subject, verb refers
to the predicate in the sentence or clause in a sentence.
— Agreement - a term in grammar which refers to
the consistency in gender, number, and person.
— Subject-verb agreement - the consistency in singular
or plural (number) between the subject and predicate in a sentence or clause
in a sentence: a singular noun must have a singular verb.
— Singular nouns - nouns (person, place, thing,
or idea) indicating only one, generally not ending in the letter s: ship
(singular); ships (plural - more than one).
— Plural nouns - nouns (person, place, thing, or
idea) indicating more than one, generally ending in the letter s: (ship
(singular); ships (plural - more than one). Irregular plural nouns:
children, men, women, oxen, syllabi
— Singular verbs - action words or state of being
conveying action or state of being of one subject, generally ends in the letter
-s in the present tense: She goes, He rides
— Plural verbs - action words or state of being conveying
action of state of being of more than one subject, generally not ending in the
letter -s in the present tense: They ride, They explore
— Prepositional phrases - a word group beginning
with a preposition (a word showing position) and an object: by the sea, in the
house, under the tree. Occasionally, a prepositional phrase is between a
subject and verb in a sentence or clause in the sentence.
— Relative pronoun phrase - a word group
beginning with a relative pronoun (such as who, whom, which, whichever, whose,
that) such as who is in the dining room or that will be taken
— Indefinite pronoun - a pronoun (a word that can
take the place of a noun) which does not indicate whether it is singular or
plural.
— Some are always singular such as each, either,
neither, and words that end in -body (anybody, somebody).
— Some indefinite pronouns are always plural such
as few, many, several, both.
PRONOUNS
In grammar, a pronoun is defined as a word or phrase that
may be substituted for a noun or noun phrase, which once replaced, is known as
the pronoun’s antecedent. How is this possible? In a nutshell, it’s because
pronouns can do everything that nouns can do. A pronoun can act as a subject,
direct object, indirect object, object of the preposition, and more.
A pronoun is used in place of a noun or nouns. Common
pronouns include he, her, him, I, it, me, she, them, they, us, and we. Here
are some examples:
INSTEAD OF: Luma is a good athlete.
She is a good athlete. (The pronoun she replaces Luma.)
INSTEAD OF: The beans and tomatoes are fresh-picked.
They are fresh-picked. (The pronoun they replaces the
beans and tomatoes.)
Often a pronoun takes the place of a particular noun. This
noun is known as the antecedent. A pronoun "refers to," or directs
your thoughts toward, its antecedent.
Let's call Luma and ask her to join the
team. (Her is a pronoun;Luma is its antecedent.)
To find a pronoun's antecedent, ask yourself what that
pronoun refers to. What does herrefer to in the sentence above—that is,
who is the her? The her in the sentence is Luma; therefore, Luma is
the antecedent.
Subjective Pronouns
A subjective pronoun acts as the subject of a sentence—it
performs the action of the verb. The subjective pronouns are he, I, it,
she, they, we, andyou.
He spends ages looking out the window.
After lunch, she and I went to the
planetarium.
Objective Pronouns
An objective pronoun acts as the object of a sentence—it
receives the action of the verb. The objective pronouns are her, him, it,
me, them, us, and you.
Cousin Eldred gave me a trombone.
Take a picture of him, not us!
Possessive Pronouns
A possessive pronoun tells you who owns something. The
possessive pronouns are hers, his, its, mine, ours, theirs, and yours.
The red basket is mine.
Yours is on the coffee table.
Demonstrative
Pronouns
A demonstrative pronoun points out a noun. The demonstrative
pronouns are that, these, this, and those.
That is a good idea.
These are hilarious cartoons.
A demonstrative pronoun may look like a demonstrative adjective,
but it is used differently in a sentence: it acts as a pronoun, taking the
place of a noun.
Interrogative
Pronouns
An interrogative pronoun is used in a question. It helps to
ask about something. The interrogative pronouns are what, which, who, whom, and
compound words ending in "ever," such as whatever, whichever,
whoever, and whomever.
What on earth is that?
Who ate the last Fig Newton?
An interrogative pronoun may look like an interrogative
adjective, but it is used differently in a sentence: it acts as a pronoun,
taking the place of a noun.
Indefinite Pronouns
An indefinite pronoun refers to an indefinite, or general,
person or thing. Indefinite pronouns include all, any, both, each,
everyone, few, many, neither, none, nothing, several, some, andsomebody.
Something smells good.
Many like salsa with their chips.
An indefinite pronoun may look like an indefinite adjective,
but it is used differently in a sentence: it acts as a pronoun, taking the
place of a noun.
Relative Pronouns
A relative pronoun introduces a clause, or part of a
sentence, that describes a noun. The relative pronouns are that, which,
who, and whom.
You should bring the book that you love most.
That introduces "you love most," which
describes the book.
Hector is a photographer who does great work.
Who introduces "does great work," which
describes Hector.
Reflexive Pronouns
A reflexive pronoun refers back to the subject of a
sentence. The reflexive pronouns areherself, himself, itself, myself,
ourselves, themselves, and yourselves. Each of these words can
also act as an intensive pronoun (see below).
I learned a lot about myself at summer camp. (Myself refers
back toI.)
They should divide the berries among themselves. (Themselvesrefers
back to they.)
Intensive Pronouns
An intensive pronoun emphasizes its antecedent (the noun
that comes before it). The intensive pronouns are herself, himself,
itself, myself, ourselves, themselves, and yourselves.Each of these
words can also act as a reflective pronoun (see above).
Reference :
http://www.factmonster.com/ipka/A0885483.html
http://imagine6world.blogspot.com/2016/06/10-affirmative-negative-agrement.html
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